Document Details

Document Type : Article In Journal 
Document Title :
The Equilibrium Temperatures in the Haram Area, Makkah During Ramadan 1430H and Their Impact on the Umra Pilgrims Comfort II
التوازن الحرارى فى منطفة الحرم، مكة المكرمة خلال شهر رمضان المبارك 1429هـ وآثارها على راحة الحجاج المعتمرين (2)
 
Subject : Micrometeorology 
Document Language : English 
Abstract : The calculation of equilibrium temperature was carried out in Makkah using a computer program called Human Energy Balance Factor and the data taken from the station 1 located in the Haram area neighbors Ajyad Hospital from the eastern side of the Holy Haram Almakky gates between 15th to 28th of Ramadan 1429H (16th – 29 September 2008). On 17th Ramadan 1429H(18th September 2008), the extreme value of the equilibrium temperature reached 38°C leading to the feeling of discomfort, and thermal stress with an increase in wind speed of 3.5 and 3.75 m/s between 1000 and 1100 hours with high humidity. The peak value reached 25 millibars at 1200 hours when the equilibrium temperature was at a peak value as well. The 25th Ramadan 1429H was a day with a distinctive appearance or extraordinary of the curve [the line winding (zigzag) like that occurred on 26th Ramadan, 1430, (Anbar, 2010)]. This guides to the irregularity presence of people (crowds came in and went out the Grand Mosque in Makkah). The rise in equilibrium temperature on this day has nothing to do with moisture, because this day was drier than other days. It was very dry in early morning between 0600 and 0900 hours with a value of 8 millibars. Convergence of the extreme values of the equilibrium temperature with the temperature of air on 25 Ramadan 1429 reaching almost a maximum value of 38°C at 12 hours was found. There was also an extreme value of ~ 29°C at 1800 hours. The reason here also might be severe overcrowding in these days and nights in particular (the last ten days of Ramadan). On 28th Ramadan 1429 (29th September 2008), the maximum equilibrium temperature exceeded air temperature at midday by up to 6°C with high humidity with of an average of 25 millibars throughout the day. The 6°C difference was never found in any given day in Ramadan, as well as an increase in equilibrium temperature at the highest value in the morning on the same day reaching 28˚C. It is the highest among all the previous days. These results confirm that congestion on this day (last days of Ramadan-Umrah) raised the humidity which reached a water vapour pressure of 25 millibars, as we have seen, and also increased the value of the equilibrium temperature that makes a person really suffer thermal stress. 
ISSN : 1114 
Journal Name : Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science 
Volume : 21 
Issue Number : 2 
Publishing Year : 1431 AH
2010 AD 
Article Type : Article 
Added Date : Thursday, September 30, 2010 

Researchers

Researcher Name (Arabic)Researcher Name (English)Researcher TypeDr GradeEmail
عمر محمد يعقوب عنبرAnbar, Omar M. YaqoobInvestigatorDoctorateo_anbar@hotmail.com
عمر محمد يعقوب عنبرAnbar, Omar M. YaqoobInvestigatorDoctorateo_anbar@hotmail.com

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